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Query D1 using Prisma ORM

Last reviewed: 3 months ago

What is Prisma ORM?

Prisma ORM ↗ is a next-generation JavaScript and TypeScript ORM that unlocks a new level of developer experience when working with databases thanks to its intuitive data model, automated migrations, type-safety and auto-completion.

To learn more about Prisma ORM, refer to the Prisma documentation ↗.

Query D1 from a Cloudflare Worker using Prisma ORM

This tutorial shows you how to set up and deploy a Cloudflare Worker that is accessing a D1 database from scratch.

Quick start

If you want to skip the steps and get started quickly, select Deploy to Cloudflare below.

Deploy to Cloudflare

This creates a repository in your GitHub account and deploys the application to Cloudflare Workers. Use this option if you are familiar with Cloudflare Workers, and wish to skip the step-by-step guidance.

You may wish to manually follow the steps if you are new to Cloudflare Workers.

Prerequisites

1. Create a Cloudflare Worker

Open your terminal, and run the following command to create a Cloudflare Worker using Cloudflare's hello-world ↗ template:

Terminal window
npm create cloudflare@latest prisma-d1-example -- --type hello-world

In your terminal, you will be asked a series of questions related your project:

  1. Answer yes to using TypeScript.
  2. Answer no to deploying your Worker.

2. Initialize Prisma ORM

To set up Prisma ORM, go into your project directory, and install the Prisma CLI:

Terminal window
cd prisma-d1-example
Terminal window
npm i -D prisma

Next, install the Prisma Client package and the driver adapter for D1:

Terminal window
npm i @prisma/client @prisma/adapter-d1

Finally, bootstrap the files required by Prisma ORM using the following command:

Terminal window
npx prisma init --datasource-provider sqlite

The command above:

  1. Creates a new directory called prisma that contains your Prisma schema ↗ file.
  2. Creates a .env file used to configure environment variables that will be read by the Prisma CLI.

In this tutorial, you will not need the .env file since the connection between Prisma ORM and D1 will happen through a binding. The next steps will instruct you through setting up this binding.

Since you will use the driver adapter ↗ feature which is currently in Preview, you need to explicitly enable it via the previewFeatures field on the generator block.

Open your schema.prisma file and adjust the generator block to reflect as follows:

schema.prisma
generator client {
  provider        = "prisma-client-js"
  output          = "../src/generated/prisma"
  previewFeatures = ["driverAdapters"]
}

3. Create your D1 database

In this step, you will set up your D1 database. You can create a D1 database via the Cloudflare dashboard ↗, or via wrangler. This tutorial will use the wrangler CLI.

Open your terminal and run the following command:

Terminal window
npx wrangler d1 create prisma-demo-db

You should receive the following output on your terminal:

✅ Successfully created DB 'prisma-demo-db' in region WEUR
Created your new D1 database.


{
  "d1_databases": [
    {
      "binding": "DB",
      "database_name": "prisma-demo-db",
      "database_id": "<D1_DATABASE_ID>"
    }
  ]
}

You now have a D1 database in your Cloudflare account with a binding to your Cloudflare Worker.

Copy the last part of the command output and paste it into your Wrangler file. It should look similar to this:

{
  "name": "prisma-d1-example",
  "main": "src/index.ts",
  "compatibility_date": "2024-03-20",
  "compatibility_flags": [
    "nodejs_compat"
  ],
  "observability": {
    "enabled": true
  },
  "d1_databases": [
    {
      "binding": "DB",
      "database_name": "prisma-demo-db",
      "database_id": "<D1_DATABASE_ID>"
    }
  ]
}

Replace <D1_DATABASE_ID> with the database ID of your D1 instance. If you were not able to fetch this ID from the terminal output, you can also find it in the Cloudflare dashboard ↗, or by running npx wrangler d1 info prisma-demo-db in your terminal.

Next, you will create a database table in the database to send queries to D1 using Prisma ORM.

4. Create a table in the database

Prisma Migrate ↗ does not support D1 yet, so you cannot follow the default migration workflows using prisma migrate dev or prisma db push.

D1 uses migrations for managing schema changes, and the Prisma CLI can help generate the necessary SQL for those updates. In the steps below, you will use both tools to create and apply a migration to your database.

First, create a new migration using wrangler:

Terminal window
npx wrangler d1 migrations create prisma-demo-db create_user_table

Answer yes to creating a new folder called migrations.

The command has now created a new directory called migrations and an empty file called 0001_create_user_table.sql inside of it:

  • Directoryprisma-d1-example
    • Directorymigrations
      • 0001_create_user_table.sql

Next, you need to add the SQL statement that will create a User table to that file.

Open the schema.prisma file and add the following User model to your schema:

schema.prisma
model User {
  id    Int     @id @default(autoincrement())
  email String  @unique
  name  String?
}

Now, run the following command in your terminal to generate the SQL statement that creates a User table equivalent to the User model above:

Terminal window
npx prisma migrate diff --from-empty --to-schema-datamodel ./prisma/schema.prisma --script --output migrations/0001_create_user_table.sql

This stores a SQL statement to create a new User table in your migration file from before, here is what it looks like:

0001_create_user_table.sql
-- CreateTable
CREATE TABLE "User" (
    "id" INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
    "email" TEXT NOT NULL,
    "name" TEXT
);


-- CreateIndex
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "User_email_key" ON "User"("email");

UNIQUE INDEX on email was created because the User model in your Prisma schema is using the @unique ↗ attribute on its email field.

You now need to use the wrangler d1 migrations apply command to send this SQL statement to D1. This command accepts two options:

  • --local: Executes the statement against a local version of D1. This local version of D1 is a SQLite database file that will be located in the .wrangler/state directory of your project. Use this approach when you want to develop and test your Worker on your local machine. Refer to Local development to learn more.
  • --remote: Executes the statement against your remote version of D1. This version is used by your deployed Cloudflare Workers. Refer to Remote development to learn more.

In this tutorial, you will do both local and remote development. You will test the Worker locally, then deploy your Worker afterwards.

Open your terminal, and run both commands:

Terminal window
# For the local database
npx wrangler d1 migrations apply prisma-demo-db --local
Terminal window
# For the remote database
npx wrangler d1 migrations apply prisma-demo-db --remote

Choose Yes both times when you are prompted to confirm that the migration should be applied.

Next, create some data that you can query once the Worker is running. This time, you will run the SQL statement without storing it in a file:

Terminal window
# For the local database
npx wrangler d1 execute prisma-demo-db --command "INSERT INTO  \"User\" (\"email\", \"name\") VALUES
('jane@prisma.io', 'Jane Doe (Local)');" --local
Terminal window
# For the remote database
npx wrangler d1 execute prisma-demo-db --command "INSERT INTO  \"User\" (\"email\", \"name\") VALUES
('jane@prisma.io', 'Jane Doe (Remote)');" --remote

5. Query your database from the Worker

To query your database from the Worker using Prisma ORM, you need to:

  1. Add DB to the Env interface.
  2. Instantiate PrismaClient using the PrismaD1 driver adapter.
  3. Send a query using Prisma Client and return the result.

Open src/index.ts and replace the entire content with the following:

import { PrismaClient } from "./generated/prisma/";
import { PrismaD1 } from "@prisma/adapter-d1";


export default {
  async fetch(request, env, ctx) {
    const adapter = new PrismaD1(env.DB);
    const prisma = new PrismaClient({ adapter });


    const users = await prisma.user.findMany();
    const result = JSON.stringify(users);
    return new Response(result);
  },
};

Before running the Worker, generate Prisma Client with the following command:

Terminal window
npx prisma generate

6. Run the Worker locally

Now that you have the database query in place and Prisma Client generated, run the Worker locally:

Terminal window
npm run dev

Open your browser at http://localhost:8787 ↗ to check the result of the database query:

[{ "id": 1, "email": "jane@prisma.io", "name": "Jane Doe (Local)" }]

7. Deploy the Worker

To deploy the Worker, run the following command:

Terminal window
npm run deploy

Access your Worker at https://prisma-d1-example.USERNAME.workers.dev. Your browser should display the following data queried from your remote D1 database:

[{ "id": 1, "email": "jane@prisma.io", "name": "Jane Doe (Remote)" }]

By finishing this tutorial, you have deployed a Cloudflare Worker using D1 as a database and querying it via Prisma ORM.